France

A key player on the world stage and a country at the political heart of Europe, France paid a high price in both economic and human terms during the two world wars.

The years which followed saw protracted conflicts culminating in independence for Algeria and most other French colonies in Africa as well as decolonisation in south-east Asia.

France was one of the founding fathers of European integration as the continent sought to rebuild after the devastation of World War II.

In the 1990s Franco-German cooperation was central to European economic integration. The bond between the two countries was again to the fore in the new millennium when their leaders voiced strong opposition as the US-led campaign in Iraq began.

But France sent shockwaves through European Union capitals when its voters rejected the proposed EU constitution in a referendum in May 2005.

France's colonial past is a major contributing factor in the presence of a richly diverse multicultural population. It is home to more than five million people of Arab and African descent.

A French icon for the 21st century: the Millau bridge in Massif Central

It has a number of territories overseas which, together with mainland France and Corsica, go to make up the 26 regions which the country comprises. It is further divided into 100 departements, four of which - French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion - are geographically distant from Europe.

Government in France is known for its high degree of centralisation but in March 2003 parliament approved amendments to the constitution allowing for the devolution of quite wide-ranging powers to the regions and departements.

In the light of low election turnout, the move was widely seen as a bid to re-engage in the political process French people disillusioned by the ubiquitous influence of what is often perceived as the Paris elite.

France has produced some of the continent's most influential writers and thinkers from Descartes and Pascal in the 17th century, through Rousseau and Voltaire in the 18th, Baudelaire and Flaubert in the 19th to Sartre and Camus in the 20th.

In the last two centuries it has given the art world the works of Renoir, Monet, Cezanne, Gauguin, Matisse and Braque, to name but a few.

It is also famous for its strong culinary tradition. France produces more than 250 cheeses and some of the world's best-loved wines.

Full name: French Republic Population: 62.3 million (UN, 2009) Capital: Paris Area: 543,965 sq km (210,026 sq miles) Major language: French Major religion: Christianity Life expectancy: 78 years (men), 85 years (women) (UN) Monetary unit: 1 euro = 100 cents Main exports: Machinery and transport equipment, agricultural products, including wine GNI per capita: US $42,250 (World Bank, 2008) Internet domain: .fr International dialling code: +33

President: Nicolas Sarkozy

Nicolas Sarkozy, from the ruling, conservative UMP, won a decisive victory in the second round of the presidential election in May 2007.

He cast himself as a moderniser and claimed to represent a clean break with the country's traditional ruling elite. His first cabinet had a definite new look, with more female ministers than previous French governments.

He had fought his election campaign on a promise to introduce pro-market reforms to tackle sluggish economic growth and high unemployment. He vowed to cut taxes, rein in powerful trades unions and reduce public spending.

The implementation of Mr Sarkozy's policies was bound to hit public sector workers hard, and since he assumed the presidency there have been regular public sector strikes in protest at planned cuts to pay and pension benefits.

On foreign policy, Mr Sarkozy has singled out France's role in Europe as a priority. He campaigned vigorously for ratification of the Lisbon Treaty, which was intended to replace the draft EU constitution rejected by French voters in 2005.

He has also taken a lead in calling for fundamental reform of the world's financial system in response to the global credit crunch.

He is seen as being more pro-American than previous French presidents. He cultivated close ties with US President George W. Bush and has made no secret of his admiration for Bush's successor, Barack Obama.

Tough domestic challenges - by the spring of 2010, unemployment was running at more than 10% - led to widespread disillusionment with Mr Sarkozy's leadership, and in March of that year his party suffered a bruising defeat in regional elections.

His popularity was further damaged by allegations that his election campaign had been partly funded by illegal donations from France's richest woman, the L'Oreal heiress Liliane Bettencourt.

Nicolas Sarkozy, who was 52 when he was elected, is the son of a Hungarian immigrant and a French mother of Greek Jewish origin. He grew up in Paris. Thrice married, currently to singer Carla Bruni, he has three children.

His predecessor, Jacques Chirac, had held office since 1995.

French presidents are elected to five-year terms after a constitutional change in 2002 reduced the term from seven years. A candidate can win in one round if he or she secures an absolute majority. Otherwise, the top two candidates go through to a second round.

The president, who exercises executive power, appoints a Council of Ministers headed by the prime minister.

Prime minister: Francois Fillon

Francois Fillon, a confidante of the president

Francois Fillon worked closely with Nicolas Sarkozy during the presidential election campaign.

Upon taking office, he promised to carry out the president's reform programme and to secure an "eminent" place for France in the 21st century.

As a minister under President Chirac he overhauled the pension system.

He is seen as a moderate within the UMP and is accustomed to negotiating with France's powerful trades unions.

France enjoys a free press and has more than 100 daily newspapers. Most of them are in private hands and are not linked to political parties.

Public broadcaster Radio France runs services for the domestic audience, French overseas territories and foreign audiences. Radio France Internationale is one of the world's leading international stations. Its Arabic-language Monte Carlo International service is available on mediumwave (AM) and FM in many Middle East countries.

The international French-language channel TV5 Monde, financed by Belgium, Canada and Switzerland, is available globally. Global satellite news channel France 24 launched in December 2006 with services in French and English. Its chairman said the channel aimed to present "a different point of view from the Anglo-Saxon world".

France's flagship TV station, TF1, was privatised in 1987. The growth of satellite and cable has led to a proliferation of channels. Major satellite pay-TV operator CanalSatellite is controlled by media giant Vivendi Universal.

Radio France, the country's public broadcaster

A digital terrestrial TV service, with more than a dozen free-to-air channels, is being rolled out.

France's long-established commercial radio stations, particularly RTL and Europe 1, still command large audiences. They have been joined by a multiplicity of FM stations, often consolidated into successful commercial networks such as hit music station NRJ and oldies station Nostalgie.

The press

Le Monde - respected national daily, considered to be France's newspaper of record Liberation - national daily, founded in 1973 by philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre, centre-left leaning Le Figaro - national daily, centre-right leaning Ouest France - Rennes-based; France's best-selling daily L'Express - news weekly Le Point - news weekly

Television

France 2 - national, main public TV network France 3 - national, public France 5 - national, public, educational TF1 - national, commercial M6 - national, commercial La Chaine Info - rolling news France 24 - global news channel, owned by public broadcaster and TF1; services in French, English, Arabic TV5 Monde - international French-language TV, with programmes from French, Belgian, Swiss and Canadian public broadcasters Canal Plus - national, subscription channel

Radio

Radio France - operates national and regional outlets, including speech-based France Inter and all-news France Info Radio France Internationale (RFI) - international broadcaster, via shortwave and FM relays worldwide Europe 1 - major commercial station, news and entertainment RTL - major commercial station, speech and music NRJ - commercial, leading hit music network

News agency

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